Overview of Data Structures

Definition: A data structure is a specialized way of organizing and storing data so that it can be efficiently processed and manipulated. It defines how data is organized and the operations that can be performed on it.

Types of Data Structures:

• Linear Data Structures:

  • Arrays: Contiguous memory locations to store elements of the same data type.
  • Linked Lists: Nodes connected through pointers, forming a linear sequence.
  • Queues: FIFO (First-In-First-Out) data structures where elements are inserted at the rear and removed from the front.
  • Stacks: LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) data structures where elements are inserted and removed from the top.

• Non-Linear Data Structures:

  • Trees: Hierarchical data structures with nodes and branches, used for searching and sorting.
  • Graphs: Collections of vertices and edges, used to represent relationships between entities.
  • Hash Tables: Arrays where keys are mapped to values, providing fast data retrieval based on key.

Characteristics of Data Structures:

• Time complexity: Determines the efficiency of operations performed on the data structure.
• Space complexity: Indicates the amount of memory required to store the data structure.
• Organization: Specifies how the elements in the data structure are arranged and interlinked.
• Access methods: Defines the mechanisms for adding, removing, and accessing data in the structure.

Applications of Data Structures:

• Operating systems: Managing memory, scheduling processes, and organizing files.
• Databases: Storing and retrieving data efficiently.
• Compilers: Translating high-level code into machine code.
• Artificial intelligence: Representing knowledge and solving problems.
• Graphics and animation: Storing and manipulating images and videos.

Importance of Data Structures:

• Improve program efficiency by optimizing data access and manipulation.
• Reduce memory usage by organizing data efficiently.
• Enhance data security and integrity by ensuring proper data management.
• Facilitate code readability and maintainability by providing a structured approach to data storage.